Adult Day Services at the WBRP Nursing Home in Flushing, Queens, New Essay

Adult Day Services at the WBRP Nursing Home in Flushing, Queens, New York - Essay Example The paper presents the results of the analyses and the formation of a preliminary set of strategies to take advantage of the identified opportunities (National Adult Day Services Association, 2012; National Adult Day Services Association, 2010; The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2010; Gleckman, 2009; International Health Economics, 2011; Hicks et al., 2004; National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012; Center on Age and Community, 2010). II. Market Analysis A. Market Demographics, Size, Characteristics While the nursing home is in Flushing, Queens, New York, we take the whole potential market for nursing home services and related services, existing or the be introduced, to consist of target market customers living in the greater Queens, New York area. This is a conservative estimate, as with proper marketing and targeting the target market geographically speaking can be as broad as the whole of New York City. Focusing on Queens, the statistics are that the total population has been stati c at around 2.3 million in 2010, roughly the same level as in 2000. People over 65 years of age made up 12.8 percent of the population, or more than 230,000 residents above that age. Some estimates put the number of people over 65 at about 283,000, with roughly equal numbers of men and women, and about 44 percent of the overall population being of Caucasian descent, 20 percent African American, and 17.6 percent Asian. This is the rough estimate of the potential market size for nursing home and related services in the Queens area of New York (US Census Bureau, 2012; Onboard Informatics, 2011; Wolfram Alpha LLC, 2012; ePodunk, 2007; Roleke, 2012). Prospectively, however, hypothesizing that adult day services provision is viable, the target market is expanded to include all adults who may avail of such services, short-term and long term. This expands the market size to all but those who are under 18 years old and living in Queens, or all Queens residents except for about 21 percent of the population, who are minors (US Census Bureau, 2012; Onboard Informatics, 2011; Wolfram Alpha LLC, 2012; ePodunk, 2007; Roleke, 2012) The median income of a household is pegged at roughly the same amount as the city median income, at about 55,300 dollars, while the cost of living is much higher as judged by the cost of living index of about 159, much higher than the national average of 100. This is a relatively wealthy neighborhood, and therefore is ripe for services tied to nursing home services (US Census Bureau, 2012; Onboard Informatics, 2011; Wolfram Alpha LLC, 2012; ePodunk, 2007; Roleke, 2012; Hevesi and Bleiwas, 2006). B. Market Trends, Events of Impact The recent recession has brought about changes in the buying power and long-term financial viability of a large swath of the American population, including people in Queens, New York. This has had an impact on the ability of people over 65 years to finance long-term care on their own and with the help of family. This in tu rn has had an impact on the viability of providers of long-term care to the elderly, including nursing homes and providers of corollary services to homes (The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2010; Gleckman, 2009; International Health Economics, 2011; Hicks et al., 2004; National Bureau of Economic Research,

History of Plant and Animal Domestication

History of Plant and Animal Domestication Nan Tao Ma The domestication of plant and animal has always been an important progress in human  agriculture and development. The domestication of plant such as wheat, grain or vegetable greatly  improved the food obtain and capability which allowed an increase on population due to the stable  food production; While the domestication of animal such as cow, horse or dog strength the  development of human society by significantly decreasing the manpower needed and increasing the  amount of work output. Although the domestication exists in human history for such a long time  and its common for human to domestication , there are still many questions and debate about the  beginning of the domestication. What factor pushed human to domestication, how did they first do  it and why they happened to develop in several widely spread area at the same time. The  development of the domestication is another question that troubles people. Why in some other  places there are a little or no domestication and what common does the domestication have in  different area. In this essay, we are going to discuss and analyze the beginning of domestication of  animal and plant by finding the factors that pushed people toward domestication of plant and animal  from looking at time and environment ; And compare the different area of domestication to  understand how did domestication develop through time and environment from knowing the  common factors that they shared during the process of domestication. To understand why something happened, its always important to know when it had happen. From the remain of sheep and goat that found in hominid site in southern and southern west Asia  that were older than 10000 years ago showed that there is no sign or evidence of any  domestication. It only suggested that hunters had been killing a whole population of goat and sheep  for need of food. However after the period of that, around 9000 – 10000 years ago, there is a change  toward the remain of sheep and goat that found in hominid site. The a large increase of skeleton  remains of younger sheep and goat were found in the hominid area. This showed that the practice of  domestication might began at that period of time, as the hominid started to keep herds of such  animals away from the nature realm of wild sheep and goat and trying to make and raise them  to adapted to human society. In the jiangxi province of China near the west side of the long river,  the remain of rice is found in the an old cave ruins that was 9000 – 13000 years old and was once  an settlement of early hominid that lived in that area along with stone made tools and other animal  remains. Although it was still a debate on whether hominid did start to grow rice at that period of  time, the large amount of remain in that had proved that hominid did have some kind of practice on  domestication; Else, there would not be such big settlement near the long river, as hunting and  gathering does not establish a permanent settlements for things like that, epically an area this large. In the Middle East and East Asia , the remain of dogs were found around 8000 – 12000 years old. As we knew, the dogs were wolves before they domesticated by human. The evidence of the dogs  fossil in these areas gave an important evidence of when human started to domesticated animal, as  dogs should be the one of the first animals that human domesticated due to fact that hominids lives  were based on hunting in the old time. There were more remains of other animals such as pig,  horse or cow were later found in the ancient hominids site that were 5000- 7000 years old. From  all the data that were gathered, it proved that the practice of domestication of animal and plant  started around 7000 -10000 years ago, when the neolithic age started. The rise of sea level and  climate change right after quitting the ice age could be the important factors that forced hominid to  change their life cycle they had and lead some of them to domesticate animal and plant other than  hunting and gathering in the wild. The explanation of the change of the life cycle and the change of nature of subsistence base of  hominid in sudden around 7000 – 10000 years ago has always been a question that hounded many  people. Why would they gave up their old life style of hunting and gathering and adapted a new  way of living such as agricultureà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¸ There were many debates about why the hominid suddenly  changed their way of life, there were several factors that I believe for the explanation of the  changing. The first factor was that the environment pressure forced hominid to change their way of  living. The end of the ice age brought great changes to the environment of the earth. During the  process this might have killed many traditional foods of hominid. For example the mammoths were  killed because of the rapid shift of environment that decreased their cycle of life and being hunted  too much by hominid; And not just mammoths, there might be also many other animals that  hominid viewed as traditional food were largely decreasing due to the rapid environment which  forced hominid to change their food sources and find a more stable way of keeping it. The second factor was that the population pressure was the problem that triggered the  transition of hunting to domesticate. Although hunting and gathering was a common way of life in  the nature, however, when the population was too high and the traditional food in the area were  decreasing,hunting and gathering would became unstable and much inefficient, as the food source  existed in the area could not satisfy the needed of the hominids. Thus domestication was needed,  agriculture and animal grazing were stable and providing large amount of food and compared to  hunting, it wasted less energy and safer. One evidence of that was that compare 10000 years before  where no clear sign of domestication and 10000 years after where domestication probably started  there is large amount of animals skeleton remain found in the hominids site. This showed that there  was a large action of hunting that might have killed too much animal to support the fast growing  hominid. The third factor was the suitable climax helped the hominid on transition from hunting and  gathering to domestication. During the early Holocene, although the climax changes destroyed  many previous animals, the favorable weather and increased raining greatly helped the exuberance  of vegetation and diversification of the plant family in the Holocene. This also invited many  newer spices to entered this era, such as goat or sheep and they were much gentle, as the large  amount of plant as food allowed them to not straggle for food. With the decreasing on traditional  foods, hominids were forced to change their prey and food. However, well condition provided them  enough diversity of foods that they had an significant increase on population which would  eventually became a problem as in factor two, that hominid developed domestication inevitably to  maintain a stable food source and gain abundant production from it, as domestication was much  efficient than huntin g and gathering when hominid were too populated. The domestication was  developed due to the existed suitable condition and suitable spices that was not in the era before. The one strong evidence that showed the possibility of the climaxs influence led and improved the  hominids mutation from hunting and gathering into a stable domestication was the existence of  raining and seasonal change after the the glacier was melted after the ending of the ice age. Before  the Holocene entered, there was the big freeze knew as the â€Å"Younger Dryas†, where there whole  land of earth was covered by ice and snows and no sign of seasonal change and raing. There was  little or no sign of domestication. However in the Holocene, where the tropic area, existence of  raining and seasonal changes appeared, the domestication of animal and plant grew rapidly in  many area. The explanation of it also proved the theory I talked before; the raining and seasonal  changes created a prefect cycle for agricultural which was not existed in the previous years. The  climax provided a great opportunity that hominid would eventually adapted to it due the gro wing of  population and exploring of food source to decrease the pressure in the new condition. This was  the one of the most important factor that drove humanity into practice of domestication, as without  the great environment, the domestication would not be practiced. Overall, the exchange from hunting and gathering into the domestication was something that  was inevitable. For example, when you have the opportunity to drive a car, you wold not want to  keep on riding your bicycle. It was in the human nature to always find a better way to live, that we  kept on mutating our method. The domestication was too obvious and too effective in the new  and suitable environment that it was normal for hominid to discover and change their method into  it. The need of new food source in the rapid changed world, the well structured and suitable  condition for domestication pushed the hominid to change their way of life. If the exchange of hunting and gathering to domestication was inevitable, why there were some  place had it more intensely than others, why some place that was apparently suitable for  domestication had little or no domestication and what factor these place which had domestication  have had in common? Although the factors in the last few paragraphs showed evidence and proved that due to the  climax, needed and exploration of new food source and grow population pushed the hominid to  adopt domestication, they were only the primary factor. There are also many side factors that would  cause change , alter or perhaps stop the exchange from hunting and gathering society into  domestication and agricultural. The special climax and weather condition of unique places and the  animal or plant species in the particular places also have great influence on the mutation from  hunting and gathering into domestication. Even though, the global climax after the ice age became much hotter and warmer that it was  suitable for agriculture, not all the area in the earth had suitable environment for domestication to be  practiced. One obvious example was the Eskimo who lived near the north pole and still as a society  of hunting and gathering. The crucial condition of the north pole was too harsh for any practice of  agriculture, as the in the first few paragraphs we indicated that climax was the one of the most  important factor for domestication of plant. In north pole, the cold air and non-existence of  raining made it impossible for any grow plant to produce enough amount of food source. However,  there was still little domestication such as making dogs as pet, as the need for fast traveling and  more manpower led people to domesticate dogs ( environment pressure). Another example was the  dessert area. In most place of dessert no domestication of animal nor domestication of plant we re  found as the environment was even too harsh for hominid to survive. There are also many other suitable areas that has well structured environment for agriculture or  grazing, but the species lived in its area or geography of it prevented hominid to domesticate in  such areas. The species had very big impact on the success of domestication, as for some species ,  they were too hard or impossible to domesticate in that era. For example, in some areas of ancient  Canada, the hominid there did not developed agricultural, but kept on hunting and gathering. The  reason why this happened was because the animals in that area was too hard to domesticate and  there was no useful plant that can be planted for extra food production. It was much and safer easier  to kill a bear than domesticate it, as bears cannot reproduce fast enough and dangerous to kept. The  Egypt had developed good agriculture, although it was in the middle of dessert. This happened  because of its geography near the Nile river and the suitable plants that grow beside it. The Nile  river provided enough water to support the people and agriculture, while the plants such as rice  were productive and easy to rise. The primary factor such as climax and side factors such species and geography decided the  domestication of an area, as in many areas that was fast growing they all shared common elements. In most demonstration area, the climax was often close or the same, as it was the most important  factor for domestication. It should often be dry summer, raining winter and favors plant with seed  that can survive long period. If summer was too wet or cold, or the overall season was too dry, most  domesticated plant would not survive. This was why in cold like north pole or hot place like Africa,  the domestication of plant for food was very hard. For most domesticated animal, they have been  selected by several same reason. They should be unagressive and maybe unterrioral that they were  easy to be capture and domesticate. They should be have fast growth rate and easy breeder in order  to be reproduce in a fast rate so that the food supply of hominid society could be supported by  them. They should also have a strong herding instinct that they were much easier to be controlled. This was why in early domestication, the animals that had strong herding instinct such as sheep and  goat or easy breeder and fast growth rate such as pig and chicken were selected first in most area, as  they were easy to controlled, feed and could benefit hominid in high production rate of born. For  the plant domestication, they also shared lots of common. Most of the plant that selected were near  the habitation site and were high productive. They also had to be suited or adapted to the right  seasonal cycle in order to provide enough food at right season for hominid. Overall, the  domestication in different places shared many common as the climax, geography and the species  in the area greatly affected the progress of domestication. In conclude, the exchange of hunting and gathering to domestication was something that was  inevitable for human, as the prefect environment and suitable species gave the opportunity for  hominid to learn and practice domestication. More importantly, it was our human nature of always  finding a better way of living led us to it and from the domestication we created more stable society  and kept looking for a better life that led to technology and created the spectacular world we have  today.

Hackers and the Evolution of Intellectual Property Rights Essay

Hackers and the Evolution of Intellectual Property Rights Introduction According to Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, theft is, "The act of stealing; specifically, the felonious taking and removing of personal property, with an intent to deprive the rightful owner of the same" (Webster's 2). Before the advent of moveable type, no one had cause to apply this concept to information rather than physical property. If one were to steal a book, the act was easily recognized as of the same moral color as stealing a horse, a nugget of gold, or any other physical object. The thief?s possession of the stolen item constituted the rightful owner?s lack of it, a loss both real and measurable. Today, theft seems a hazier concept, due to the popularization and codification of Intellectual Property (IP) rights. IP rights differ from standard property rights in that they signify an individual's right of ownership over "intangible things" (Kinsella 3). Arguably, the most important such things are patents and copyrights. Patents protect inventions, and copyrig hts protect "original forms of expression" (Fisher 1). In both cases, the right to ownership amounts to ownership of an idea, not a physical object. Intellectual Property Rights in the United States The first American federal copyright law was enacted in the first year after the states ratified the Constitution. The original protection extended was for a period of fourteen years, with one renewal possible at the end of the term assuming the continued survival of the author. As famously stated in an 1853 federal circuit court ruling over Uncle Tom?s Cabin, such protections provided for government intervention only to protect the author?s, ?exclusive right to print... ...insella, N. Stephan. ?In Defense of Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule?. LewRockwell.com. 4 Sept 2000. URL: http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/kinsella2.html Schwartz, John. ?A Heretical View of File Sharing?. New York Times Online. 5 April 2004. URL: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30813 ?The Approved Licenses?. Open Source Initiative. 2004. URL:http://www.opensource.org/licenses/index.php The Mentor. ?The Conscience of a Hacker?. 8 January 1986. URL: http://surf.to/jaeger/hackman.html ?The Open Source Definition?. Open Source Initiative. 2004.URL: http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php ?Theft?. Webster?s Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Dictionary.com. 6 May 2004. URL: http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=theft ?Welcome to Open Source?. Open Source Initiative. 2004. URL: http://www.opensource.org

Influences of Eastern Religions in My Life

Influences of Eastern Religions In My Life The two readings that have impacted, influenced, and challenged my view of religion are the Bhagavad Gita (BG) and the basic writings of Zhuangzi. I have chosen these readings because of their influence and insight they have unveiled to me in my present station of life. In particularly, from the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna’s teaching in chapter 2 â€Å"The Path of Reality,† and from Zhuangzi; his perspectives from his writings in section 3 â€Å"The Secret of Caring for Life† and section 18 â€Å"Supreme Happiness. Both have spoken to me from a different context, within a different set of parameters than that of my own faith and practice; bringing me to a fresh and profound understanding of some of my own enduring dilemmas within my own religious tradition. I currently consider myself a Mormon (Latter-day Saint) and have been for the last 13 years. Up until this REL 101 class I was not familiar with these eastern religious t raditions and perspectives.The Path of Reality, as titled for chapter 2 in the (BG), has opened my eyes to its valuable lesson, which I am thankful for its influence. The concept of non-attachment is prevalent here in this chapter. Non-attachment means to live life like a lotus leaf, without being touched by it or polluted by it. It is living free from the encumbrances of life and the attractions and distractions it has to offer, not passively by running away from them, but actively by developing equanimity (yoga) and Self(atman)-awareness (Ch. v. 30-48). According to the (BG) contact with sense objects results in attachment (Ch. 2 v. 58). In the following versus it expounds this thought: When we do not have the right discrimination we lose the ability to choose wisely, which results in the consequences of karma that binds us to this world and samsara. Though I have not embraced every facet of Hinduism, the powerful language found in the (BG) has strengthened me to tackle present-da y ongoing trials in my own life with new vigor and enthusiasm.What I would just simply categorize as sin or an evil deed from the presets of my own religious tradition, I have found new terminology and explanation for my behavior that has been empowering and invigorated my ambition to overcome this adversity I have been facing in my life. The other reading that has had a positive impact on me is the basic writings of Zhuangzi. Section 3 â€Å"The Secret of Caring for Life. † Here, Zhuangzi conveys a story about Cook Ding, the butcher, which draws a more favorable portrait of specialization (Zhuangzi, p. 45-46).His example is consistent with Aristotle's observation that human life offers no more of a fulfilling activity than the exercise of some acquired skill. Highly honed skills invite paradoxical, almost mystical, description. In performance we seem to experience a unity of actor and action. Such practice is a way of losing oneself as one might in contemplation or in a tran ce. Zhuangzi considers Cook Ding possessing remarkable skill, almost effortlessly, because this skill in action is done concurrently while being one with the Dao (p. 45-46).The accuracy of our own actions sometimes mystifies us. We do not understand how we did it; we certainly cannot explain it to others. I found this story intriguing because I am one who values self-mastery. As an ex-collegiate athlete I can relate to Cook Ding, but would rather call it â€Å"being in the zone. † Although I am not a follower of Daoism there are many things I find appealing in this tradition; this mystical story being one of them. The other section from Zhuangzi â€Å"Supreme Happiness† has aided the recent loss of my great grandmother â€Å"Grandma Bea. My great grandma was a pillar of faith in my life and a great exemplar in many arenas of life. At times, naturally, I found myself grieving over her loss. Reading this section I felt that it gave me fresh insight to coping with this l oss. At first, I found myself more like Huizi, rather than Zhaungzi. As pondered this for the past couple weeks my grief has subsided. When Zhuangzi’s wife died and he beat on a drum instead of mourning for her, he answered his Huizi by explaining that perhaps his wife had evolved into a happier existence than that which she had enjoyed while in human form.It was not wrong to have loved her and to miss her, but it was wrong to mourn her change from one form to another (Zhuangzi, 115). Zhuangzi’s parables point out that one cannot be certain what is best for other people and that one should therefore avoid imposing tentative and uncertain values on others. He also enlightens the reader about the realities of death and the clarity that comes from having a higher knowledge which gives greater understanding and ability to cope with death. He states, â€Å"If I were to follow after her awling and sobbing, it would show that I don’t understand anything about fate. So I stopped (115). Thus, death is simply a phase in the turning of the wheel of fortune that is the Dao. The turning of the wheel voids the identity and disintegrates the material body of the dead person. From the standpoint of the Dao, however, no state of being is more desirable than another. As a natural event in the cycle of human life, death is neither to be feared nor to be sorrowed over. This perspective has given me new insight and ability to cope with my recent loss.

Social Norms Essay

Social norms are rules of certain kind of behavior that society uses to evaluate the population and provides normalcy. When it comes to responding to the breaking of social norms people have different ways to cope or react to it. Some reactions can be pleasant, some could be horrible or even judgmental. Some people believe breaking a social norm could be needed to help govern or control the society. On the other hand others believe breaking social norms are un-normal and that no one should break those rules. There are so many social norms that sometimes it feels impossible not to break any. Many social norms like walking on the wrong side of the sidewalk, talking to yourself in public, or even not wearing the same clothes everyone else thinks is cool could be a tremendous norm broken in today’s young society. An everyday norm would be wearing a clean shirt, but when you break that norm by not wearing a clean shirt, it was a drastic shock to the people that are stuck in the soc ieties mold. What if wearing a stained shirt was the normal thing to do for a certain person or group of persons? Are the people stuck in societies mold wrong for thinking their norm is correct? There really is no wrong or right answer to those questions because my normal way of looking at things may not be the same as the next persons. When doing my experiment of â€Å"breaking the social norm† by wearing a stained t-shirt I wasn’t really sure what to expect from most people, especially from the strangers. Most reactions I planned on receiving were all negative, let’s face the facts if you’re not up to par with society then you’re bound to get looked down on or belittled. The negative results outweigh the positive any day but there were positive and helpful reactions. I was really baffled from some of the positive reactions because I wasn’t expecting them. Some people reacted in a very stereotypical way that most in society would have react ed. My first reaction took place in the local Wal-Mart. As I walked into the store on February 26, 2014 around Five-thirty, I walked passed many gazing eyes that seemed to have confused looks on their faces. Well the stain made me feel like a target with an X in the middle. The feeling of being stared at I was certainly ready for. Just like in chapter one the sociological imagination connects to the personal troubles of public issues, which in this case my shirt was the public issues and norm I broke. People’s first reaction was to talk about me as I passed them. For example, one man about six feet tall, white, and stalky asked his wife â€Å"if I was blind and didn’t see the big stain on my shirt†. His reaction was a norm in itself. Peoples normal reaction when they see something that’s not normal is to gossip or talk about one another. My second reaction or run in happened in Wal-Mart also the same day. I walked into the milk department a young African American lady about five feet tall, long hair, and employee at Wal-Mart. She stared for a second and started to giggle as she giggled I tried to keep a straight face but at the same time I laughed a little bit myself. In her words she then asked me† if I knew that I had a hideous looking stain on my shirt†? I then replied with a shocking what are you talking about and kept walking. As I left the store there were still those gazing eyes as if I was a killer or some sort of illegal object. My first reactions to the people’s opinions in Wal-Mart were mutual. I went in already knowing people were going to talk about me behind my back so I didn’t really take the talking about me to heart. The situation with the young lady by the milk was a much unexpected reaction if you asked me. I’ve never had anyone I didn’t know really laugh at me in my face because of my physical traits or clothing. I feel that the man with his wife should have let me know something if he really wanted to help me out about getting the stained shirt cleaned up. Someone who wants to help to fix a problem will be very truthful with you but that’s only if they truly want to help. Another reaction happened in my neighborhood on February 28, 2014 around six o’clock. My neighbor and older man about sixty years old thought had been kicked out my home and was physically hurt. He didn’t say anything to me as I walked passed his house a few times until the last time I walked by he asked â€Å"if I needed him to call 911†. Now I was truly shocked at these accusations from the man because I never thought anyone really mistake the stain as blood. My reaction to the man’s comments were very brief because I didn’t want to give away that it wasn’t real. I just let him know that I was fine and didn’t need anything. I walked to a local 7-11 also to see people’s reaction that was familiar with my face. Some people even offered me money during this part of this test. As I sat on the ledge next to the store many people walked by with very disordered faces as if they saw a ghost. A young girl maybe 14 years of age walked up to me and offered me money and a sandwich which really made have a confused look on my face. I knew I wasn’t poor or homeless but the stain and the disorder of my outfit made the young girl feel bad for me as if I was homeless. I was shocked but then again I wasn’t because most people do stereotype against others sitting outside of a store with nasty looking clothes. So I didn’t really take the charity to heart but I didn’t accept the money either. While experimenting on breaking social norms I had reacted different on every occasion and I received some sort of different reactions from all of these strangers. I didn’t agree on all of the reactions but I had to suck it up knowing those were normal everyday reactions from people. The live reactions all connected in some way to the previous chapters and notes that were reviewed in class. The reaction from the young girl giving me money connects to people being stereotypical. Sociological Perspective connects to all of the people who reacted to my stain because sociological Perspective is the social contexts in which we all live in. Sociologist C Wright Mills stated that â€Å"sociological perspective allows us to gasp the connection between history and biography†. (Wright 1959: 4, 5-7). Which means that each society is located in a broad stream of events. Which means that each society has its own characteristics. Wearing clean clothes and walking on the right side of the sidewalk would be our characteristic here in America. This connects back to how me wearing a stained shirt is not history that us human beings are used to. You can compare many broken social norms and different reactions all day but can we honestly say that every reaction will be the same? No I don’t think everyone will be the same but most will be the same because that’s just how our society works. Breaking social norms can be done and usually is done every day by people but we just have to keep pushing to be better and understand. Social norms are created to mold society and how people live in the society. Remember social norms don’t make or create people it just creates a better or worst environment around you and your peers. .

The Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell Essays - Free Essays

The Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell Essays - Free Essays The Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell The short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell is about the hunter and the hunted but later in the story it becomes ironic because it turns into a game were the hunter becomes the hunted. It turns into a chase of competition and of survival. Two sailors Rainsford and his partner Whitney sailed in to the darkness of the of sea. Their purpose was to hunt, they called it the greatest sport. They were hunters and headed to the Amazon to hunt vicious animals such as Jaguars, and tigers. They sailed to an island called Ship-Trap Island. Sailors feared this island and had curious dread of such a scarry place. The sky was filled with darkness when suddently he heard Three gun shots that were fired, and heard them again and again. Then he heard a scream while smoking a pipe when suddently the pipe fell and as he tried to reach for it he whent down into the sea were the waves swallowed his screams. Nobody could have heard him as the ocean swallowed his screams and the only chance of survival was to swim. Rainsford swam towards the screams and ended up in the Island. He walked on the shoreline and later found a place that looked like a mansion. There he met General Zaroff who bought the island to hunt. He was indeed a sporstman who invented a new sensation of the hunting game. His game was to train those men who's ships were wrecked and ended up in that island, and then provide them with food and a knife for three days. Once they were trained they were led out into the island as a head start while Zaroff chase after them and tried to hunt them down. If They survived during those three days they had won the game and they were let free but in the other case if they were found they were killed. Zaroff never lost the game so if one of the men being hunted was about to survive he would release the hounds to chased after them. Rainsford rested and the next morning had a dispute with Zaroff and told him that this hunting style was to brutal. In this argument Zaroff got mad and at this point in the story Raisford became the hunted. He was let loose into the island were he was to prepare himself for the most dangerous game of his life, the survival of the fittest. The first night was panicking and worried Rainsford as he hidded on top of a tree. The next day he set up a trap but Zaroff did'nt fall for it and he almost got caught when Zaroff was right next to the bushes were Rainsford was hiding. the last day he set up a pitfall and while Zarroff and his servant were serching, his servant unfortunately fell into the pit. Rainsford got out of the Island trying to escape by swimming out into the ocean and swam back to the mansion and when Zaroff returned Rainsford switched the game around and proposed him to become the hunted. I like this short story because Rainsford was wise in making traps wich allowed Zaroff to take more time trying to find him and did them successfully wich helped him survive those three days. I also liked how the story ended it was kind of ironic the way Rainsfored changed the game around and became the hunter and Zaroff became the hunted. I thought it was a good idea because this way Zaroff would realise that his game of hunting people was wrong and this would teach him a lesson.

Examining The Principles Of The Front Office Tourism Essay Example

Examining The Principles Of The Front Office Tourism Essay Example Examining The Principles Of The Front Office Tourism Essay Examining The Principles Of The Front Office Tourism Essay What is front office? Front office means that the gross revenues forces and corporate finance employees in a fiscal services company. Besides that, front office besides means that gross revenues, selling and service sections that come in direct contact or communicating with the client illustration like a clients need to book a hotel room, so they must reach with the front office to recognize that. Furthermore, front office besides needs to intercede with the back office such as administrative and housekeeping sections to keep a two manner flow of information. The front office of a hotel by and large performs some basic activities such as: processing progress reserves, registering invitees name, boarding invitees, managing guest baggage, publishing room keys, security agreements, supplying information to the invitee, and settling the histories. In add-on, front office service works in the unit of ammunition the clock manner, with daylight, eventide and dark displacements. Front office service specializers are required to hold a good apprehension of room engagement procedure and take portion in invitee colony. In extra, the front office may besides function as the place for office machinery. Common devices found in the front office include duplicators, office computing machines, multi line phone, postage, and scale machines for mail. Hotels are about ever net income devising concerns, and it is the suites which provide most of the net income. Front office staff who are non gross revenues oriented are non likely to be much usage, this explain why we have devoted a subdivision to the assorted ways in which staff can better the output. Answer of Question 1: Within a hotel organisation they have some staff in front office section which is front office director, helper front office director, front desk representative, dark hearer, teller, reservationist, and telephone operator. Figure Staff of Front Office Front office Director The undertaking of front office director is to make all the responsibilities of the forepart desk operation, illustration like, inter-department meeting communications, developing the staff, order the staff to make their work, and plan the staff agenda. Front office directors normally interface with the invitees, ever recognizing them when they are come ining the constitution, bring forthing gross revenues and replying enquiries. By using direction rules, the front office director works through the front office staff to pass on feelings of lovingness, heat, efficiency and safety to every invitee. Therefore, the front office director should hold strong communicating accomplishments. Depending on the organisation, a front office director might interface with all invitees or merely with those considered sensitive or of import. The front office director must has at he or she disposal the basic elements of effectual direction pattern, such like equipment, suites to be sold, budget, employ ees or staff, and gross revenues chances. The director must be strain after for organizing those basic elements to accomplish the net income ends set by the organisation. In extra, other responsibilities of the front office director are include of: Prepares monthly studies to the general director Assists the room division director in preparation and execution of front office policies and processs Reappraisals and approves all room moves and room rate alterations to guarantee they were necessary Keep the necessary stock of supplies in all front office countries, while commanding costs in these countries Help the room division director in prediction room handiness to guarantee that the optimum degree of tenancy is attained. Assistant Front Office The undertaking of adjunct front office director is usually helps on the director s work. Besides that, the helper front office director, he or she will necessitate to guarantee the bringing of consistent quality client service all the clip. The helper for the front office is a individual who responsible for organizing the front office operation. In extra, the duties of adjunct front office director are to fix and carry on any front office meetings, after that inform to the front office director, other front office staff and resoluteness issues. Other responsibilities of the helper front office are: Perform a day-to-day cheque in and out processs. Provide information and way or counsel to look office staff in order to accomplish 100 % tenancy. Complete monthly paysheet and study to the front office director. Help the director in proctor labour costs to budget figures and aids in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operation in the constitution. Help the forepart desk during the busy period. Train the forepart desk staff. Front Desk Representative The forepart desk representative can be found in many of the larger lodging constitution. Front office representative is one of the staff in hotels or motels, and are ever the first individual to recognize incoming invitees. The duties of the front office representative are for taking incoming petitions for suites and observing particular petitions for service. When a new invitee enter the constitution, the front office representative must be welcome and recognizing them, register them, assign suites and issue room keys or cards to the invitees, and supplying information to the invitee. Furthermore, the front office representative may besides manage guest mail and baggage, maintain an stock list of room reserves, answer telephones and take messages from the invitees, trade with client ailments or mention disgruntled clients to a director, and look into day-to-day record sheets, guest histories, grosss and vouches utilizing computerized or manual systems. Therefore, the front office r epresentative must hold a strong communicating accomplishment to function the invitee. In little hotel, on the dark, front office representative may presume the responsibilities of helper director, dark teller, concierges or dark hearer. As in big hotel, the responsibilities front office representative may be divided among a few of desk clerks. Night Auditor Night hearer is known as the in house hearer. The responsible for the dark hearer is for carry oning audit and generating studies for direction. Night hearer besides ensures that all phone calls and invitees coming to look office for different affairs are decently addressed and taken attention of the belongings. Besides that, dark hearer balances the day-to-day fiscal minutess. He or she must hold a good or first-class appreciation of accounting rules and the ability to decide fiscal disagreements. Night hearer is fundamentally composed of some of import undertakings such like settling recognition cards for the twenty-four hours with bank to guarantee money transportation from the invitee history to the hotel history. In add-on, dark audit may besides follow the prescribe designed modus operandis, which include to update the guest pagination, perform history shutting for the twenty-four hours, prepare and distribute day-to-day measure to the invitee, and last is prepare and administe r a scope of study illustration like ageless stock list of history receivable. Furthermore, the individual in this place should necessitate experience as a desk clerk and have good communicating with the accountant. Teller Cashier is the 1 of the front office section. The duties of the teller are treating invitee check-out procedures and guest legal stamp and besides supply alteration for the invitee when the guest enter the constitution. Besides that, the teller besides helps do the forepart desk work load manageable when it was full house, means that the hotel that has its full invitee suites occupied and sometimes referred to as 100 per centum tenancy. In extra, the teller of the front office section is focused on managing of hard currency money. Other than that, front office teller may besides fix and settle of invitees histories, administer the safe sedimentation boxes and supply a foreign currency exchange service. Reservationists The responsible of reservationists is to take reserve and supplying information to the hereafter invitee about the installations or regulations of the hotel. The chief undertakings performed by reservationists are to giving friendly and first-class service to future guest when involved in telephone gross revenues. Besides that, holding trade with group engagements such like cancellations, alterations, and boarding lists. In extra, the reservationists should reply all reserve phone calls, taking reserves, and covering with reserves correspondence. Furthermore, the individual in this place must be look intoing and guarantee that all equipment is still working decently and that the needful sum of supplies is on manus. Telephone Operator The telephone operator would non be face to face with invitees of the hotel. As a telephone operator, he or she must hold a friendly and gracious tone of voice to function the invitee. The duties of telephone operator are to run the hotel telephone patchboard and reply all calls with quickly and good manners. The chief responsibility of a telephone operator is that of reassigning calls from outside the hotel to the appropriate invitee room. Besides that, they should be work closely with all sections on telephone related affair. Other than that, the telephone operator must be discreet with information received from companies. In extra, the individual in this place must hold full cognition of all installations and events in the hotel and reply enquiries about it. Organization Chart of Front Office Small Hotel Front Desk Representative Night Auditor Front Office Manager Bell Staff Concierge Desk Staff Night Auditor Guest Service Reservation Front Office ManagerMid Size Hotel Front Office ManagerLarge Hotel Assistant Front Office Manager Elevator Operator Night Auditor Guest Service Telephone operator Teller Reservation Manager Room key Clerk Bell Staff Concierge Desk Staff Decision Front offices are the nervus centre of a hotel and play a really of import function in a hotel. The staff of forepart office will welcome the invitees, recognizing them, carry their baggage, boarding them, give them room keys or cards and mail, answer the inquiry about the activities and installations in the hotel, and look into them out. Besides that, the front office may execute other undertakings such like take invitee inside informations and apportion their room, take message to them, cipher invitee s measures and issue grosss upon payment, topographic point invitees ownerships in a safe if requested, trade with questions and requested from invitee and arrange adjustment for invitees going to other finishs. In a little hotel, the responsibilities may transport out by one people. However, in a big hotel, there may three to five people to transport out the responsibilities. Each attender is allocated a set of specific responsibilities to execute. Due to look office is the first fee ling to the invitee, so that, the staff of front office must be make their occupation every bit good as they can. Question 2 Front office staffs must hold certain accomplishments to pull invitees during the first feeling. Write about Front Office staff accomplishment in invitee dealingss. Introduction Many experient people who work in hotel agree that societal accomplishments are really of import for front office occupation. What is societal accomplishment? Social accomplishment is depends to how we get along with others individual such like guest, household and friends. Social accomplishment is most ever as a accomplishment that allows us to pass on, associate, and socialise with other people. Besides that, societal accomplishment means possessing the ability to accomplish a specific nonsubjective expeditiously. There are two types of societal accomplishment which are typing accomplishment and cookery accomplishment. Typing accomplishment is the ability to bring forth acceptable quality text, without taking all twenty-four hours over it or botching a twelve sheets of paper in the procedure. Cooking accomplishment is the ability that produces nutrient that is both comestible and appetizing. So that, societal accomplishments are communicating with living things alternatively of bin ding accomplishment, pass oning with keyboard or mouse and cookery accomplishments, pass oning kitchen ingredients. Besides the two accomplishments, it still has other nonsubjective to accomplish, but have to use words, looks, and gestures. Therefore, societal accomplishment is involves uniting these elements in such a manner as to act upon other people s attitudes and behaviour by utilizing those elements. In extra, societal accomplishment are same like other sort of accomplishments which can merely developed through pattern or preparation. This pattern demand to take the signifier of unscripted face to face conversations. Furthermore, good societal accomplishments include things such as compromising, cooperating, and esteeming the personal infinite of others. Answer of Question 2 The people who work as a front office employees, they must cognize and recognize some certain accomplishments, in order to pull the invitee during the guest enter the constitution and give them a good first feeling. The accomplishments should look office staffs learn are in the figure below: Figure The accomplishments should look office staff learn Behaviors Behaviour means that the manner that person behaves and their attitudes, particularly towards to other individual. For case, a invitee enter an constitution, so the reservationists will welcome and recognizing them before start covering with the invitee, such like stating Hello, welcome, May I Help you? Besides that, the receptionist should talk out the phrase and tone right, illustration like communicate feelings of lovingness, heat, efficiency and safety to every invitee. In extra, behaviour is that the front office staff to travel on when they are run intoing with the invitee for the first clip, particularly they are do nt cognize anything about the invitee in progress. Furthermore the receptionist should be neatly attire, nail must be clean and a suited hairdo. Therefore, the receptionist has the good feeling and behaviour to the invitee. Self-Presentation Self-presentation means that the dressing and training of the receptionist. If the receptionists have oning neatly dressing and preparing, so the guest will cognize more about the receptionists before holding a conversation. Besides that, many hotels needs their staff to have on their uniform neatly, suited hairdo and the nail of staff must be clean. For case, the staff of front office section must be wear their uniform or formal garb neatly ; in nutrient and drink section, the chef should have on apron, chapeaus, bloomerss and their nail should be clean and ca nt be so long ; in security section, the guard should have on the security guard uniform with neatly and which there is a arm ad sagely. If the hotel staff give the guest bad feeling, so the invitee wo nt patron the hotel once more. Therefore, the staff of the front office must do certain that their garb is clean and neatly. If the receptionist is soiled, so the guest will believe that other countries of the hotel are besides same dirty. Position Position means that the topographic point where the front office staff such like pantryman is situated. Where the staff base is really of import, non merely in relation to equipment such like the desk, but besides in relation to the people that the staffs are covering with the invitee. Besides that, the staff of forepart office has their ain country call personal infinite . The construct of place can be taken farther. Whenever the guest find themselves sitting or standing straight face-to-face with each other with a desk or tabular array in between, and divided the barrier into two equal territories . When the receptionist slapped the enrollment signifier in forepart of a invitee and so tilt forward to see the guest filling it out. These sorts of action or behaviour are wholly incorrect and called rude and this may do the invasion that causes people feel uncomfortable. Position Position means that the place how the front office staff stand or sit in relation to the invitee. Besides that, when confronting some people, usually indicates involvement and larning forward shows even greater involvement. Other than that, some action such like utilizing our limb to pull the people that we interested or we can utilize it as barriers to close out the people we are nervous and panic. When the receptionists leant forward for the desk and watch the guest filling signifier, surely, but even so he or she kept weaponries folded which show that the staff is non really dying to assist the invitee. Gesture Gesture means that a manner of directing signals by traveling parts of our organic structures particularly our custodies, weaponries and caputs. Gesture which has the closest related to the position. Handss are wholly of import. The unfastened thenar is a mark of friendly relationship for the older age individual and besides an indicant of honestness. Means that, many hand-to-face gestures such like touching others nose or talk will convey out negative feeling or feeling, illustration like panic, concern, or uncertainty. For case, when a invitee enter a constitution and inquiring the receptionist something, and so the receptionist shore uping one s caput on a manus frequently indicates ennui. The invitee will experience that the receptionist is non respects he / she, and so the guest would non patron the hotel once more. Expression Expression means a expression on a individual face that demoing their ideas and feelings. As a front office staff, they must give the good first feeling towards to the invitee. Besides that, the scope of possible looks but some we can by and large acknowledge when seeing it. For case, smiling with the oral cavity curves traveling upwards and the eyes crinkle a small spot at the corner. So that, the invitee will experience disquieted or nervous which stare to them with a space and even acquire greeted by a ennui look. Therefore, the front office staff should serious when they are serves the invitee. Eye Contact In front office section, oculus contact is a really of import thing, because when looking at person usually carries non merely involvement but wishing every bit good. If a individual is forestalling the regard of the others who is speaking, that means the individual might speak or giving dishonest reply. Furthermore, there are three types of way on looking, which include: concern regard, societal regard and confidant regard. Business regard means dressed ores on the eyes and brow in order to keep a serious and rational ambiance. Social regard is the motion of the other individual s eyes and oral cavity which demoing a better involvement in reactions. Intimate regard means moves between the other individual s oculus and organic structure, and signals instead more than mere societal involvement. The receptionists must be avoided the confidant regard. So that, the receptionists must understand the type of regard and utilize it right. Address Address is really of import in front office section, because it is the clearest manner to show the involvement of the staff in the invitee public assistance by utilizing phrases, illustration like Good Morning and Can I assist you . Besides that, name the guest Sir or Madam or merely name their name straight, and the invitee will be experiencing the staff is respect they. Obviously, if utilizing the invitee name will hold a good memory, because that shows that the staff recognizes the invitee as an single and merely an nameless invitee. The manner to cognize the guest name is take a speedy expression at the invitee s enrollment card. Non verbal Speech Component Non verbal address elements means the tone that the staff of the hotel utilizing to speak with the invitee. Word can be speak out heartily, rapidly, easy, and efficiency. The staff can convey it all out together, or can infix a intermission illustration like Good Morning†¦sir , this instances show that the staff is non certain about the invitee deserves. Besides that, the staff can raise their tone a small at the terminal and turn the phrase into a inquiry such as Good Morning†¦sir . So that, the staff who work in front office section should cognize how to utilize their tone suitable. Decision At last, societal accomplishments is really of import to look office work. Good societal accomplishments are critical to successful operation in life. Besides that, societal accomplishments enable us to cognize what to state, how to act in diverse state of affairss and how to do the pick right. In extra, the staff of front office such like receptionist, can utilize those accomplishments to quiet down some agitate invitee. Other than that, people with good societal accomplishments are by and large more friends compare with the individuals who are hapless with societal accomplishment.

Using Infinitives after Prepositions in Spanish

Using Infinitives after Prepositions in Spanish One of the most common uses of infinitives is as the object of a preposition. When used in such a way, the infinitive is often the rough equivalent of the English gerund, that is, the -ing form of the verb, and can be translated in that way. Using Infinitives After Prepositions in Spanish In some cases, the infinitive is used to indicate additional action by the subject of the sentence: Examples: Roberto salià ³ sin verte. Roberto left without seeing you. Saldr despuà ©s de comer. She will leave after eating. Chile ganà ³ por no seguir a la ortodoxia. Chile won by not following orthodoxy. Todos los nià ±itos se conformaban con aprender su letra de molde. All the children resigned themselves to learning how to print. In other cases, the infinitive is used just as would any other noun in a prepositional phrase: Examples: Gracias por no fumar. Thank you for not smoking. Para ellos, ser vasco es incompatible con ser espaà ±ol. For them, being Basque is incompatible with being Spanish. El presidente viajà ³ a Londres para hablar de la situacià ³n humanitaria. The president traveled to London in order to speak about the humanitarian situation. Si tienes preguntas acerca de comprar la revista, favor de llamar por telà ©fono. If you have questions about buying the magazine, do the favor of calling by telephone. If youre translating from English to Spanish, there are times you translate -ing verb forms with the -ando or -iendo verb forms of Spanish. For example, I am speaking can be translated as estoy hablando. However, when the verb follows a preposition, you should never translate using that form of the verb; use the infinitive instead. English: I am sick of thinking about you.Correct: Estoy harta de pensar en ti.Incorrect: Estoy harta de pensando en ti. There is one common usage of the infinitive following a preposition in Spanish that doesnt have an exact English equivalent. The infinitive acts as something of a passive description: Examples: La lata sin abrir puede durar hasta 12 meses. An unopened can can last up to 12 months. En la mesa estaba una manzana a medio comer. On the table was a half-eaten apple. Hay muchas tareas por hacer. There are many tasks to be done. Tengo un par de libros sin leer. I have a pair of unread books. Such a use of the infinitive is most common following sin (meaning without) and the phrase a medio (translated as half).

The oppression of Victorian women and expressing feminist sentiment, Dissertation

The oppression of Victorian women and expressing feminist sentiment, concerning hysteria, in The Awakening in terms of the gothi - Dissertation Example Victorian women faced multi-faceted oppression by society; however, this was perceived as the only appropriate mode of life for them. Any woman, who dared to defy conventional norms by indulging in an illicit relation, expressed sensual desires, and mouthed discomfort against masochistic behaviours, was socially condemned and regarded as hysterical (Austin & Boyd, 2010, p.496). Utter disregard for womanly penchants and suppression of feminist sentiments produced negative impacts on female psyche which by the end of 19th century was understood as a medical disorder by the likes of Sigmund Freud. It was due to the efforts on Freud’s behalf and the literary masterpieces from the late 19th century that put forth the logic that hysteria was a natural phenomenon resulting from feelings of oppression and belittling of humanly yearnings (Sulloway, 1992, p.47). Feminism which before 19th century was largely encapsulated as the freedom to give birth and enjoy motherhood, was propagated as an urge for attaining social equality, privilege for preferred sensual orientation, and independence for selecting a way of life. Gothic literature primarily focused on enlightening people about the actuality of hysteria and the dislike towards biased moral/cultural norms was voiced strongly (Toohey, 2012, p.242). It expressed feminist sentiments and described the impact of stereotypical gender roles from a female’s perspective. Kate Chopin's â€Å"The Awakening† (1899), Charlotte Perkins Gilman's â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† (1892) and Henry James â€Å"The Turn of the Screw† (1898), etc. displayed feminist sentiments concerning hysteria profoundly (Serafin & Bendixen, 2005, p.362). The Awakening, the centre of discussion here, displays a Victorian era society in Louisiana during 1899, and underlines tabooed themes of feminine biological desires and pursuance of self-identity through the protagonist Edna Pontellier. Revealing hysteria as a repercussion of pursuing self-identity in The Awakening: The Awakening is one of those few literary masterpieces that covered the theme of oppression and depression comprehensively. In this novel, forced social obligations and suppressed female emotions were shown as the cause of bringing them to the verge of insanity. It did not deal with any single aspect of oppression but provided an in-depth analysis of how feminist pursuance of self-identity and female individuality was totally crushed in a male-dominated society. Edna was not just searching for freedom to entertain her unfulfilled sensual urges that was an outcome of unhappy and excessively authoritative marital relation, but she wanted to gain freedom for self-discovery. Here it is important to pay attention to the fact the Victorian era men played a significant role in the outbreak of maddening behaviours among women. Danahay explains that in Victorian era, biased gender role distinction primarily on the biological basis was the â€Å" most extreme form of segregation yet seen in an industrialised nation† (2005, p.2). Women had no particular rights upon their body or mind whatsoever, hence; it was paramount that there was no acceptance for â€Å"permissible sexual activities,† and â€Å"range of role choices†

Profitability Measures Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profitability Measures - Case Study Example On the other hand, return on assets will show how efficiently and effectively the company’s assets have been used in increasing the company’s returns. From the analysis, it will therefore be feasible to rank the companies in terms of their performance. Q2. Return on equity is a better premise of evaluating the performance of firms than the return on sales. Shareholders who are the providers of capital will only get interested if they get value for their resources. Return on equity is therefore in line with the firm’s objective of wealth maximization. Return on sales shows the proportion of sales that constitutes the profits to the company. It can be subject to manipulation by the management and therefore not a reliable way of assessing management efficiency (Freberg & Boland, 2000). Managers can alter their revenue sources to include only profitable products and customers rather than all its activities. Margins also depend on the capital base. Q3. It is possible that firms, which are profitable, offer negative returns to their shareholders. To a nonprofessional this might look ridiculous though it is possible. Profitable firms may have high obligations on repaying their debts or the directors could enjoy high compensation at the expense of the shareholders. Moreover, the large profits could be retained hence making shareholders fail to feel the profitability of the company. All the criteria used in assessing company’s performance have limitations. The best way of ranking effectiveness should be based on the shareholders wealth

THEARTER the play The Zoo Story by Edward Albee Thesis

THEARTER the play The Zoo Story by Edward Albee - Thesis Example Jerry is an fairly attractive, repressed homosexual male in his late thirties whose demeanor suggests a man who has known better days. It is difficult to determine Jerry's exact socio-economic status because, although he has clearly fallen on hard times, living in a single room in a boarding house along with an assortment of society's rejects, Jerry is very intelligent and it is clear from his few, reported possessions, that he is probably a writer, or at the very least, a struggling writer. Jerry comes from a lower class background than Peter and has never known life on the upper east side of Manhattan. Jerry initiates the action at the beginning of the play in a direct, aggressive manner telling Peter, a total stranger, "I said, I've been to the zoo. MISTER, I'VE BEEN TO THE ZOO!" He is clearly the one with a mission and that mission is to make a connection with another human being. His desire is so strong that it is the driving force of the play. Once Jerry connects with Peter by eliciting his attention with the promise of "what happened at the zoo", he is able to unburden himself with his life story that culminates in "THE STORY OF JERRY AND THE DOG".

Revlictive report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Revlictive report - Assignment Example I got the skills through tutoring and self-train, which have played a significant role in the developing them. My personality and behavior has pleased great number of workmates, since we socialize and interact well. Some good characteristics that my fellow staffs members have recognized and appreciated are; honesty, self-motivated, courageous, risk taking, innovative, and creative. We managed to escalate the business organization to another level through good interaction with my staff members, I have made sure that I handle myself well and avoid misbehaving at the work place (Caruth D, & Caruth, G. & Pane, 242). Even though I have excelled in most of the fields, there are areas where I have faced challenges, and need to work on. I have failed to work overtime because of the responsibilities I have to work on outside the job area. Working extra time is a big challenge to me although I respect the normal working time and take it seriously. Therefore, I will working on the weak point and trying to settle down and concentrated more on my job in the coming phase. My strong areas discussed in my first phase are exceptional job skill, great personality, and good behavior, though I have failed to sacrifice my time and work extra time. Appraisal report generally assists in evaluating staff members and by letting, they realize their own strengths and weak

Applications of Linear Algebra to Electrical Engineering Research Paper

Applications of Linear Algebra to Electrical Engineering - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that matrices are used to find the simplest method of solving complex electrical circuits. A mesh is a loop that has a single current flow path. In the circuits where there are different current paths and different voltages, the simplest method is to utilize the matrices to solve for the currents and voltages. Every electrical network must have three basic quantities current, voltage or potential difference and resistance. There could be impedance or reactance at the place of resistance but the two quantities voltages and current are the constant in every electrical network. Many scientists proposed theories shoe the relation between the voltage or potential difference, current and resistance but ohms law presented the best relation in between the three quantities. The writers ‘Shamieh Cathleen and Gordon McComb’ in the book ‘Electronic for Dummies’ write â€Å"Ohm’s law is a master key, unlocking the secrets to the electronic circuits†. The problem then arose in solving the complex electrical networks, which have more than one resistance, current, and voltages. At every loop, the current is different and at every node, the difference in voltage and current could be seen. To solve the matter the engineers and scientists relied upon utilizing the different mathematical methods and formulas but linear algebra has the right method to solve the complex electrical circuits and electrical networks. Kirchhoff’s laws presented by Gustav Kirchhoff in 1845 relate to the power conservation in the electrical circuits and have vast applications in electrical engineering. As we know the Ohm’s law states that V = IR, it is the simplest estimation to calculate the voltage or current into the circuit if the third variable is known. Kirchhoff’s voltage law states, â€Å"The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path in a circuit is identically zero for all time†. In this way, if we consider a mesh in which, there only a single loop, the method that represents the mesh current is used to the determine the current in each of the mesh. If we have a single loop consider the situation, it will be easier to evaluate the unknown quantity but it the circuit consists of several mesh circuits, the will be complex to evaluate an unknown current in different mesh circuits. For this reason, Kirchhoff’s voltage law provided an easier method to apply it to every mesh of the circuit. It should be kept in mind the circuit contains resistances, and if a mesh has a resistor that the other mesh also has, the voltage must be the product of the resistance and the subtraction of analyzed current and other currents.  

Chinese students learning strategies in EFL and in ESL Essay

Chinese students learning strategies in EFL and in ESL - Essay Example The second strategy that students use in learning EFL is communicative strategies. Qiumei (n.d) highlights that communicative strategies are deliberate efforts by the students to decode or express the meaning in a language and in circumstances where the language rules have not been identified. Some of the communicative strategies that they use include avoiding and adjustment of a message, paraphrasing, approximations, asking for help, repetition, classifications etc. Teachers in this strategy help the students in learning EFL because the students refer to them when they want to ask questions about the language. Alliance for Excellence Education (2005) points out that this method is known as guided interaction because students work together with teachers in order to understand the language. In addition, another strategy used by students in EFL in China, is discussions; therefore, to understand the language better, the students form discussion groups where the teachers assist them and other students to understand English language. Qiumei (n.d) highlights that this method allow students to participate in discussions of meanings so that they can comprehend messages and this help them to learn and acquire the language. Chinese students who join tertiary institutions in Australia have difficulties in learning English as a second language. Thus, due to the difficulty in communication, they employ various strategies in Australian context to understand English as a Second language (ESL). Some of the main strategies include cognitive, metacognitive, social and affective strategies (Samida, 2006). Further, these strategies can be used universally by new students in any country globally because they are equally applicable. The first strategy is the cognitive strategy, and it involves transforming the English language through repeating, analyzing and summarizing messages (Samida, 2006). The

Applications of Linear Algebra to Electrical Engineering Research Paper

Applications of Linear Algebra to Electrical Engineering - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that matrices are used to find the simplest method of solving complex electrical circuits. A mesh is a loop that has a single current flow path. In the circuits where there are different current paths and different voltages, the simplest method is to utilize the matrices to solve for the currents and voltages. Every electrical network must have three basic quantities current, voltage or potential difference and resistance. There could be impedance or reactance at the place of resistance but the two quantities voltages and current are the constant in every electrical network. Many scientists proposed theories shoe the relation between the voltage or potential difference, current and resistance but ohms law presented the best relation in between the three quantities. The writers ‘Shamieh Cathleen and Gordon McComb’ in the book ‘Electronic for Dummies’ write â€Å"Ohm’s law is a master key, unlocking the secrets to the electronic circuits†. The problem then arose in solving the complex electrical networks, which have more than one resistance, current, and voltages. At every loop, the current is different and at every node, the difference in voltage and current could be seen. To solve the matter the engineers and scientists relied upon utilizing the different mathematical methods and formulas but linear algebra has the right method to solve the complex electrical circuits and electrical networks. Kirchhoff’s laws presented by Gustav Kirchhoff in 1845 relate to the power conservation in the electrical circuits and have vast applications in electrical engineering. As we know the Ohm’s law states that V = IR, it is the simplest estimation to calculate the voltage or current into the circuit if the third variable is known. Kirchhoff’s voltage law states, â€Å"The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path in a circuit is identically zero for all time†. In this way, if we consider a mesh in which, there only a single loop, the method that represents the mesh current is used to the determine the current in each of the mesh. If we have a single loop consider the situation, it will be easier to evaluate the unknown quantity but it the circuit consists of several mesh circuits, the will be complex to evaluate an unknown current in different mesh circuits. For this reason, Kirchhoff’s voltage law provided an easier method to apply it to every mesh of the circuit. It should be kept in mind the circuit contains resistances, and if a mesh has a resistor that the other mesh also has, the voltage must be the product of the resistance and the subtraction of analyzed current and other currents.  

Article analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article analysis - Assignment Example In both scenarios, the business success for both companies and suppliers will depend on the depth and strength of their relationship. This paper starts with an explanation of the common mistakes companies commit in dealing with their suppliers. Several factors that companies should consider before getting a supplier or outsourcing a business process will follow. Different types of supplier relationships are then explored. The paper ends with a discussion of properly managing supplier relationships. 2. Mistakes to avoid in supplier relationships The first mistake that companies commit even before entering into supplier relationships is the lack of organizational/business process analysis. Companies often enter into supplier relationships without first knowing what the company really needs. These â€Å"unevaluated processes† blind a company from the areas where it excels and areas where it needs improvement (Aron and Singh 136). A company, then, might mistakenly outsource core p rocesses which are vital to its functioning, or manufacture in-house those components which can be sourced from suppliers at lower costs with same quality, for instance. Another mistake companies make involves getting into supplier relationships for the wrong reasons. ... Venkatesan talks about the fear of some companies on being â€Å"hollowed out† once they establish a relationship with a supplier (99). These companies fear that sourcing components from suppliers makes their products lose their unique qualities which make them less competitive. While this fear may have a rational basis, companies tend to forget the purpose of getting a supplier in the first place. 3. Factors to consider in sourcing Several factors need to be analyzed first before coming up with a decision of whether or not to source. A thorough analysis of a company’s areas of strength and weakness should be accomplished first. This analysis will help the company determine which processes are vital and, therefore, should be kept in-house, and those processes that don’t necessarily add value to the product and, therefore, are better left at the hands of a service provider or a supplier. Aron and Singh suggest differentiating the â€Å"core, critical, and commodi ty processes† of a business organization (136). Core and critical processes usually involve management and analytical processes while commodity processes are clerical in nature. Venkatesan, meanwhile, differentiates â€Å"strategic and non-strategic components† (100). When it comes to manufacturing companies, the decision to source from suppliers usually come from an understanding of the products strategic and non-strategic components. Strategic components, as decided by management, are those that make the product stand-out from the market. These components have a direct impact on the product’s quality, differentiation, and market position. Non-strategic components, on the other hand, don’t necessarily affect the outcome of the final product. This can be the screws of a DVD player, capacitors

Is Mass Surveillance Unethical?

Is Mass Surveillance Unethical? Surveillance is no different from the casual practice of people watching, but instead of being a casual practice that might occur at one park, or at one restaurant, mass surveillance is sustained over time, and is done on a significant number of people. This practice was put in place to pay attention not just to any random person that roams the streets, but to pay attention to a specific group of people and for a specified reason. This is what raises much controversy about the issue of mass surveillance. It does not have to involve watching, sometimes it can also be done by listening, smelling, or detective hardware. When a cellphone conversation is bugged, this is mass surveillance. When a dog is used to sniff out drugs at the border, this is mass surveillance. The ethics behind this issue have been debated time and again, but whichever point wins, it still remains to be seen that surveillance is a neutral activity whose application can be geared towards good or bad (Cohen, p25). Ye t most continue to argue over the morality of the issue. As we delve into this matter, there will be specific questions that logically need to be answered in order create a proper analysis that has the capability to be brought to a final conclusion and answer. Whose responsibility is it to spy on the masses? And under which circumstances is it right to listen is? Is mass surveillance right at all? These are the questions that thus paper will explore—analyzing the two sides to the sharp edged sword that is mass surveillance. The History of Mass Surveillance Ethics Jeremy Bentham came up with the idea of The Panopticon- an idea that was considered among the first to contribute to the ethical debate on mass surveillance (Bentham 1995). The proposed the concept of The Panopticon – a circular prison whose cells were adjacent to the outside walls and whose center had a tower that hosted the prison manager. The work of this manager would be to watch the inmates as they went about their daily business. It would be built in such a way that the supervisor would see the inmates, but the watched could not see this supervisor at any point in time. There would also be a means of communication that allowed the supervisor on top of the tower to shout out their demands to the prisoners. The principle of the system was that these prisoners would not know they were under surveillance, but seeing as the supervisor would somehow have access to all their secrets, they would, eventually, come to assume that they were being watched and listened to at all times (Cropf, Cropf & Bagwell, p65). This would, in turn, encourage them to behave in the required manner, and in case they had visitors over, these visitors would also be discouraged from committing crimes on the behalf of the inmates. The concept of the Panopticon does not end there. In his book, 1984, George Orwell takes this concept to a whole new level (Orwell 2004). Orwell magnified this concept to reach way beyond the inmates in Bentham’s idea. In 1984, the Panopticon took the shape of a two-way television that gave the government visual and audio access to the homes and work offices of its citizens. In the case of prisoners, these citizens would always be reminded that they were being watched. Orwell discusses both the reasons and the impact of doing something like this. Further exploring this issue is Michel Foucault in the book Discipline and Punish (Foucault 1991). The book explores the obvious use and abuse of power that is behind the idea of mass surveillance. He analyzes how prisons have grown from a means of punishment, to a way of punishing and disciplining offenders for their wrongs. With something like the Panopticon, Foucault argues that prisoners became like social experiments- denied their very basic freedoms in an attempt to punish and discipline them. These three references in history raised fundamental questions on the ethics of surveillance, and although their text mostly revolves around a prison setting, one cannot help but equate this concept to society such that the general population in a country become the prisoners, and the supervisor watching from the tower at the center of the Panopticon becomes the government. Modern Surveillance Surveillance has evolved from a primitive and a careless procedure to a carefully planned out scheme that involves more than a few parties. The technological advancements that the contemporary society so enjoys has become the very tool to be used against them. This realization has made people question the role of mass surveillance. This debate has spilled over to the field of academics where fields of study like Surveillance Studies have come up, brining jurists, sociologists, philosophers, and scientists together to examine the ethics, the science, and the reasons behind mass surveillance (Cropf, Cropf & Bagwell, p80). Today, thanks to technology, mass surveillance has become very complex, both as a social subject and as a science. Now, people can be watched with discreteness thanks to the mobility and small size of freshly invented mass surveillance devices. Surveillance is like a wide, wild wave from the ocean that no one ever sees coming. Take the instance of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) cameras. These devices are there to gaze and stare as people mover about daily. On the other side is an anonymous viewer that is slowly making conclusions about the way we walk, the way we talk, and the way we live. Unlike the centralized Panopticon, this type of mass surveillance is watching people on an unimaginable scale. The network behind this system transfers magnitude of information back and forth every passing minute (Fuchs, p46). The computerized society is practically exposing itself to be watched and followed around. But surveillance is here for two reasons- to stalk and probe into the private affairs of other people, or to bring forth justice. In some cases, surveillance has even been known to be accepted by the people being watched. This makes it a very ethnically neutral subject, and hence very hard to be explored. The only things left to be analyzed are the proportionality of surveillance, or the methods used to surveil, or the justification of the cause. With such concepts in mind, other smaller but equally significant issues like autonomy, trust and privacy come up in relation to ethics. Forms of Mass Surveillance CCTVs and databases are still used to monitor people today, but for the most part, mass surveillance is done on the internet. Communications are what are monitored these days, including the activity on our mobile devices and computers (Fuchs, p64). Phone spying is done by geography. People in a specific area using a specific cell tower are surveilled together. There are also some cases when the government can set up fake mobile base stations so as to listen in on all the communication ongoing in a specific area, for instance, during a riot that is likely to turn violent. The limitations of mass surveillance devices are virtually disappearing and the government can now access more information than ever. Cell phone conversations are saved by phone companies to be retrieved incase the government needs it. All this information comes with immense power. Even in our homes there is surveillance. The invention of smart devices enables companies to monitor our electricity usage, and smart cities track vehicles for miles on end using sensors and cameras (Babcock & Freivogel, p34). The legality of these devices has been documented, so the only thing that is left for us to debate on is their ethicality. What is the Problem of Mass Surveillance? Governments have tried to sugarcoat the situation by calling mass surveillance ‘bulk collection of communications’, but however it is phrased, it is still just mass surveillance.   The problem is that mass surveillance interferes with privacy. This point cannot be stressed enough because all surveillance devices are bent on one goal- record it all. They are created specifically to mine data, to exploit data, to draw conclusions from this data, and to try and create patters from the information if provides (Babcock & Freivogel, p53). Systems are made specifically to filter out suspicious words and to determine relationships between suspicious persons. Mass surveillance, at the very beginning, assumes that each and every person is a suspect. Slowly but surely, most of the population is eliminated from this bracket. People are correlated on the basis of what many be nothing more than a coincidence. Visiting the same website at the same time, or going to the same restaurant every morning for coffee- conclusions are made from the little connections that can be made. With the little details, patterns can be created and the government can have a whole idea of what an individual’s life is like. By listening to what they do, what they say, what they buy, what they eat, and where they go, law enforcement agencies can create 100 percent accurate profiled on people without these people ever knowing. With this kind of information, there is always risk. In as much as there might be very strong guidelines put in place to protect the information from abuse, there will always be the few cases that slip through the cracks (Babcock & Freivogel, p74). Mass surveillance therefore becomes a danger to the very people that it is meant to protect. Those who end up as victims of such abuses suffer the worst mistakes of mass surveillance as the attacker usually has all the personal information anyone would need to cause harm. This is called the ‘chilling effect’ of surveillance. Sure, it is meant to protect and it does protect, but generally, mass surveillance puts people on alert. There is a difference between being watched and not being watched, most people are just too used to it to even notice, but take mass surveillance away and people will be freer to commit all sorts of acts- not necessarily criminal acts, but acts nevertheless. Ultimately, we believe that mass surveillance is there to protect us, but before we can be protected, how much do we have to give up? Our innovation? Our free imagination and free speech? Do we have to succumb to conformity just to be safe? Do we have to stand something so unethical? The Ethics of Privacy, Autonomy and Trust Privacy is an important this to society- it makes us feel safe, makes us feel in control again, even if just for a while. Mass surveillance is a threat to this privacy, or at least that is what most people use to make their arguments against it. Especially at the individual level, privacy is an important thing. It is called the right to privacy for a reason- it is not in the place of anyone, not even the state, to take it away from people without their consent. This right is really a blanket policy that incorporates other minor rights within itself. There is a right to privacy of property, and there is a right to personal privacy. This right, apart from consisting of other sub-rights, does not stand on its own. The right to privacy, in this respect, ceases to be a distinct right at all. It is consisted of the right to autonomy, and other such rights. For instance, when a person disposes their diary, it is violation of their right to pick up this diary and read it. This is a violation of the right to dispose of property privately. Torturing a person so as to get certain information from them is a violation of their right not to be physically hurt (Baxi, McCrudden & Paliwala, p56).   Yet in both these examples, there is still a violation of privacy among other rights. The definition of the right to privacy is therefore not definite. Mass surveillance cannot violate something that is not even definitely explained in the first. We are therefore forced to come up with our own definition of this right so that we can survive with the idea that we are being watched and listened to at all moments of the day. Privacy gives us some control and some dignity. As we interact with other people, a large amount of our security and our confidence comes from our privacy. Even though we know nothing about the strangers we meet each day, we feel safe with the notion that these people don’t know anything about us. If strangers knew our weaknesses, then they might use them against us, so we feel safe knowing that no one knows anything about our private lives. But mass surveillance violates this safe zone. In mass surveillance, we are exposed to an all-seeing eye and in a way, we are made to feel as though our secrets are out in the open. But the public has a level of dependency on the government, and in this way, it becomes okay for the state to violate our privacy for the greater good. But the more surveillance is used as an excuse to violate the privacy of the public, the more that people lose their sense of autonomy(Baxi, McCrudden & Paliwala, p76). Mass surveillance makes it so that we are not as confidence to speak in public. It entices fear because we know that any and everything we do has severe consequences. Using mass surveillance to make sure people don’t commit any crimes is like forcing them to be good, and this just increases their need for rebellion. So if the population becomes better because they are being watched, it can be argued that these actions are only pretentious, and if the mass surveillance equipment is taken away, then the public will back to its true colors. In this way, the government is also dependent on mass surveillance, and therefore it becomes unethical in such a way that it is used as a crutch for the state to control the behavior of its citizens. Why Surveillance? So many people jump straight to the impact that mass surveillance has on people- no one ever really stops to ask why surveillance is installed all around them. It is a basic assumption that surveillance is for security purposes, and while this might be true, this question still needs to be explored is the ethical foundation of mass surveillance is to be determined   (Cohen, p37). Yet even as we jump to security reasons as the obvious answer this question, the degree of security devices around us is a bit too much. There is also the question of who is monitoring the footage that is recorded on all the cameras. Take the example of political insurgents- is surveilling them really going to improve the security of the state? The first thing we need to understand is that their more than a few forms of surveillance. This practice extends far beyond the CCTV cameras on our streets and in our offices- mass surveillance has roots in each and every sector of the country. But security is not the only reason for mass surveillance. Retail stores and other companies get information on the kinds of goods that customers buy from the information on their loyalty cards- this is also a form of mass surveillance. The customers, in exchange of some discount deals of similar promotions, gladly participate in such forms of surveillance (Cohen, p57). Is this to be considered unethical? How can it be unethical when the shopping experience of these customers will be improved through their participation? Looking at transportation, especially public transit, people can now use the subway even with no money on them. This is as a result of the invention of smart cards. Using these cards, a person’s spending can be tracked and if they get into some medical trouble when far away from home, the cards can be used to identify who they are and provide their medical history. If police officers need to establish the credibility of a suspect’s alibi, then they can simply track their credit card movements and build a profile from there. These forms of surveillance are not only beneficial, they can sometimes be essential to the well-being of people. This is in no way unethical. Mass surveillance can be used for individual needs as well. A financially unstable computer genius might decide to use their skills to hack into a credit card company server and steal the numbers, hence taking other people’s money (Cohen, p81). The hacker is unethical, but the credit card company is not unethical for monitoring the spending of their customers. This makes mass surveillance both ethical and unethical- it all depends on how the issue is approached. For personal reasons, people might choose to exploit the mass surveillance equipment already in place to invade the privacy of others. These systems have a lot of personal information about many different people, and for this reason, they are sensitive. If used for good, mass surveillance can benefit millions, but is allowed into the wrong hands, then an unlucky few will suffer for it. Is it ethical, therefore, to allow the few to suffer for the well-being of the many? This brings up a whole other division of ethics that will take time and research to explore, but mass surveillance is not a subject to be approached in black and white. There are issues of distribution- who gets to suffer and who gets to live if a specific instance of mass surveillance goes wrong? There is the issue of consent. Supermarket customers have to agree to participate in promotions that monitor their spending and the kind of goods they buy, but criminals being investigated are denied to right to consent to privacy intrusion, and the law has no obligation to them as long as they are suspects (Cohen, p87). There is a concept of the greater good involved here, and for the few that have to fall victim to the dark side of mass surveillance, one million others get to live. Is this justified? No. but neither is it unjustified. Who is in Charge? As the party being watched loses autonomy and power, the surveilling party gains more power and control. The information that most people would rather keep to themselves is known- it is out there in the public and the chances of it circulating even further are higher. There is a power imbalance between the masses and the people that are in charge of mass surveillance. In this context, surveillance becomes wrong, almost like a primitive form of intimidation. It becomes unethical and very dangerous for all the parties involved. Everyone, no matter how insignificant, is entitled to certain basic rights. These are such as the right to freely speak, the right to interact with other people, and the right to freely protest against that which one finds distasteful. These rights are law and are preached to all citizens every waking day, but with mass surveillance, they become less equated to human rights and become more equated to evidence (Pandey, p24). If there is a record of a person speaking freely for or against certain beliefs they have, then thus record can be used against them if they are ever suspected of committing a crime. People, therefore, decide to stay low and only speak in the shadows, for the state holds all the power. When it comes to a point when a person’s rights are no longer their own, then mass surveillance is considered to have crossed the ethical line. The simplest democratic practices are hindered by cameras and such monitoring devices. What is the point of giving away privileges only to use them against the very people that are supposed to be protected by these privileges? There is also the question of distance. The surveilling team is literally on the other side of the screen- adding to the power imbalance between the authorities and the masses (Pandey, p32). This gives a sense of two very different parties where one in pulling the strings and the other party has to adhere to all the rules or there will be consequences. People are spied upon, denied basic rights, and made to feel powerless. In this way, mass surveillance becomes unethical, even though it is used to protect these very people. Nothing to Hide There is a famous statement, â€Å"if you haven’t done anything wrong, then there is nothing to fear.† This statement has long been used to justify the ethics of surveillance. If the public has nothing to hide, then they have nothing to fear even if the government pricks and probes at the most private details of their lives. Looking at it carefully, however, it does make sense. Majority of the people have no criminal records, nor do they have any intention of committing any crimes in the future. In this sense, mass surveillance does not affect them in any way. Surveillance is only meant to catch the bad few and make the lives of others safer in the process. In this reasoning, the government has installed cameras, wiretaps, and record checks almost everywhere. Citizens are convinced that all this effort is for their own good, and once the terrorists have been eliminated, it will have been worth it. But the bad guys never quit, and every waking morning, the government finds new ways to get more information- both in quantity and in depth. It is true that mass surveillance makes it safer for the majority, but this does not make it ethical (Bishop, Miloslavskaya & Theocharidou,   p51). If the government mandated every citizen to walk around with a tracking device in an effort to advance mass surveillance, then it would make sense that anyone who refused to do so has something to hide and should be investigated further. But it can also be argued that such measures are simply wrong and in violation of most forms of privacy. So if most people refuse to willingly submit to the will of government and give themselves up to be examined, then it does not necessarily mean that these people are criminals, it just means that they value their privacy more than their security- or something like that. Yet, with the modern advancements in technology, the government can already track people even when they are not carrying any tracking devices on them. People can be tracked using their credit card actions, or using cameras that are lodged on every street corner(Bishop, Miloslavskaya & Theocharidou,   p74). These movements, however, can only be tracked to a certain extent. In this way, a person is able to be kept safe and they are also able to maintain their privacy. Yet this is not any better that if the government forcefully implemented a law that mandated everyone to carry around a tracking device. Both actions are invasive, and thus both actions are wrong, and just because one is more invasive than the other does not make the latter action any less unethical. There is also the issue of storage. After the information has been collected from the public, it is stored in archives that are vulnerable to hackers. There are people capable of accessing this information and using it to harm and not to protect. This puts the whole argument against the use of mass surveillance to watch the public. For instance, back in 2007, a worker from the Department of Commerce, Benjamin Robinson, accessed a government database and used the information within it to track the movements of his former girlfriend. He accessed this system at least 163 times before he was discovered, an if it had continued for any longer, then the girl that was being tracked could have ended up in real danger (Bishop, Miloslavskaya & Theocharidou,   p85). This man was unethical in his actions, but so was the government for collecting personal information and storing it in such a way that it could be accessed more than 100 times before any red flags were raised. When to use Mass Surveillance So when exactly is mass surveillance ethical? Would it be ethical when we are invaded and it is the only way that the invaders can be flushed out? Would it be ethical if the data collected in the devices is not used against the people that are supposed to be protected by the surveillance systems? There are lines that should not be crossed, the only problem is that these lines are not clear. According to M.I.T. Professor Gary Marx, there are a number of questions that need to be answered before mass surveillance can be implemented anywhere. Means The first issue that needs to be explored is the means of mass surveillance being used. Does it cause any sort of harm to the public, be it physical or psychological? Does the surveillance method have boundaries? The technique used should not be allowed to cross a certain line without consent of the party being surveilled. The techniques being used also needs to be trustworthy. The personal information of the people being surveilled should be kept safe and it should not be used against them. Is the method invasive to personal relationships? Lastly, the means used to enforce mass surveillance needs to produce results as they were- the results should be valid and not doctored in any way (Berleur & Whitehouse. P42). Context The second issue that has to be explored to justify mass surveillance is that of data collection context. Those being surveilled need to be aware that personal information is being collected on them, and they need to know who is collecting this information and why they are collecting it. These individuals need to agree to be surveilled- consent is a key issue. And then comes the golden rule- those that are responsible to setting up and implementing surveillance also need to be its subjects. In short, everyone, even government officials, need to agree to the same conditions that everyone else agrees to. Mass surveillance should indeed look out for the masses- no exceptions. For it to be ethically justifiable at all, then a certain principle of minimization needs to be enforced. Mass surveillance also has to be decided by the public. To come to the decision of setting up surveillance, a discussion has to be held publicly and people have to decide for or against it. If they decide to go through with it, then there needs to be a human review of the machines and the equipment that are to be used. The people that decide to be surveilled are also entitled to inspect the results of this surveillance and question how the results were created and how they are going to be used. They also have a right to challenge the records in case any obvious errors are made with the surveillance results (Berleur & Whitehouse. P62). Before mass surveillance can be allowed to function in society, then there needs to be a means of redress. In case any individual is treated unjustly because of surveillance, then there should be appropriate punishments in place for the perpetrator of the crime so as to phase out unethical surveillance behavior. The data collected needs to be protected adequately so as to avoid any unethical use of this information in the first place. Mass surveillance methods need to have very minimal negative effects, or preferable, no negative effects at all. Lastly, mass surveillance needs to be equal. The same methods used on the middle class need to be used on the upper class, and is there is a way of resisting mass surveillance, then the government needs to make sure that these methods are available to the privileged as well as to the less privileged (Berleur & Whitehouse. P69). If even one person can escape mass surveillance, then all the other members of the public have no business being watched by the government. Uses The final issue that has to be analyzed is that of the uses of the data that is collected from mass surveillance devices. Surveillance needs to have a certain goal- whether it is to improve the shopping experience of customers, or to reduce crime rate. The data collected needs to be useful in fulfilling this goal, otherwise, there is no point. In as much as the goal needs to be fulfilled, there also needs to be a perfect balance between fulfilling this goal and spending just the right amount of money- not too much for it to be wasteful, and not too little for the surveillance to bear worthless results. Before surveillance is implemented, the responsible party needs to make sure there is no other means that will cost less money and fulfill the same duties (Berleur & Whitehouse. P87). If it is too costly, then are there any consequences of not installing surveillance equipment, and if so, to what extent will these consequences affect society? How can the cost and the risk be minimized? The information collected needs to be used only for its intended purposes only and nothing more. Therefore, mass surveillance can be ethical, but it also has a large capacity to be unethical. Following this guideline, mass surveillance should be installed with no problems and with no major violations of any kind. However this issue is approached, there will always be a basic violation of privacy that is associated with surveillance, but the damage is controllable as long as the public consents to it. there needs to be appropriate measures and guidelines put in place before using any form of mass surveillance on a population, and these guidelines need to be adhered to by all the involved parties- be it the party surveilling, or the party being surveilled. How do we make Surveillance Ethical? There is a lot of fuss about mass surveillance. We should never stop discussing the underlying issues on mass surveillance, but we should also give the government a chance to prove that mass surveillance is truly for the good of the public and not just some scheme to keep citizens in check. Mass surveillance attempts to do the impossible- keep people safe while also maintaining an open and free society with people who are not afraid to express their views. Amidst all these issues, the question of how to make mass surveillance more ethical is often overlooked, but there is truly a way in which we can make sure that mass surveillance is justified and only in the best interest of the masses. For mass surveillance to be ethical, there needs to be a reason for it. Secretively spying on people without them knowing why or how is why surveillance is considered unethical, but approaching these people from a logical standpoint and explaining to them why mass surveillance is necessary is in every way ethical (Duquenoy, Jones & Blundell, p38). For surveillance to be ethical, there also needs to be transparency. This means that there should be integrity of motive- no secret agendas. Right from the way the data is collected to the way it is handled and used, there needs to complete honesty between the parties involved. The methods used need to be analyzed for proportionality, there must be laws put in place to protect the interests of those being surveilled, and lastly, there needs to be a clear prospect for success if mass surveillance is to be carried on for a long period of time (Duquenoy, Jones & Blundell, p78). Conclusion So, is mass surveillance unethical? Yes it is, and no, it is not. This is one of those issues that has to be examined in context. If a criminal hacks into the surveillance system of a particular government and uses it to commit a major crime, then this criminal is wrong, but this still does not make mass surveillance unethical. The justification and ethicality of mass surveillance are often treated as one subject, and in as much as they may overlap, they are quite different. For instance, it is justified for a government to put up cameras to protect the many while they focus on the few bad apples that are likely to commit crimes, but it is unethical that this same government is intruding the privacy of so many people just to catch a few criminals. In the same way, it is unethical to listen in on a cell phone conversation of a suspect in a criminal investigation, but if this person ends up being convicted because of the conversation, then it becomes justified, and to some extent, also ethical. If we go back to the basics, parents have to monitor their children in order for these infants to survive. In this context, the infants are viewed as powerless, helpless, and in need of constant care and attention. It is therefore the parent’s responsibility, both ethically and morally, to be there for their child. After these children grow, they become independent and are no longer in need of constant attention. These children start to pull away from their parents and seek out their own privacy. The same knowledge can be applied to the issue of mass surveillance. The public can be seen as children who have grown over time and earned the right to their own privacy, and yet the government persists on monitoring them constantly (Cohen, p85). In the public consents to this surveillance, then it becomes ethically justifiable for mass surveillance to continue, but without the public’s consent to surveillance, then it becomes wrong and an intrusion of privacy. Work cited Cropf, Robert A, Robert A Cropf, and Timothy C Bagwell. Ethical Issues And Citizen Rights In The Era Of Digital Government Surveillance. 1st ed. Print. Cohen, E.  Mass Surveillance And State Control. 1st ed. [Place of publication not identified]: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Print. Gamino Garcia, Arkaitz et al.  Mass Surveillance. 1st ed. [Brussels]: [European Commission], 2015. Print. 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